Rind 2009

Rind, D., 2009: Atmospheric circultion during the Last Glacial Maximum. In Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments. V. Gornitz, Ed., Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, pp. 57-61.

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) offers us an opportunity to assess how atmospheric circulation changes when in a different climate regime, one characterized by much colder temperatures and different effective topography. Yet, there are many aspects of the circulation that are known imperfectly. The evidence, to the extent it exists, is generally indirect, especially for wind changes. Moisture and temperature changes are generally better known, and from those we have an indication of how the circulation may have been altered.

An alternate line of evidence comes from General Circulation Model studies of this time period. Here too, however, there is uncertainty, associated both with the model boundary conditions and with the model themselves.

A third line of evidence comes from theoretical considerations. Basic quasi-geostrophic theory as applied to the extra-tropics suggests how the atmospheric circulation should respond to a climate change situation.

Given this state of affairs, a likely indication of some aspects of the circulation of the LGM can be offered.

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Rind, D.: Atmospheric circultion during the Last Glacial Maximum, in: Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments, edited by Gornitz, V., Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 57-61, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2009.

Rind, D. (2009), Atmospheric circultion during the Last Glacial Maximum, in Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments, Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, edited by V. Gornitz, pp. 57-61, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.

Rind, D., 2009: Atmospheric circultion during the Last Glacial Maximum. In Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments. V. Gornitz, Ed., Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, pp. 57-61.

Rind, D. 2009, in Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments, ed. Gornitz, V., Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 57 (Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer).

Rind D. Atmospheric circultion during the Last Glacial Maximum. In: Gornitz V, editor. Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments, Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, pp. 57-61. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer; 2009.

D. Rind, In Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments, V. Gornitz, Ed. (Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2009), pp. 57-61.