Klein et al. 2009
Klein, S.A., R.B. McCoy, H. Morrison, A.S. Ackerman, A. Avramov, G. de de Boer, M. Chen, J.N.S. Cole, A.D. Del Genio, M. Falk, M.J. Foster, A. Fridlind, J.-C. Golaz, T. Hashino, J.Y. Harrington, C. Hoose, M.F. Khairoutdinov, V.E. Larson, X. Liu, Y. Luo, G.M. McFarquhar, S. Menon, R.A.J. Neggers, S. Park, M.R. Poellot, J.M. Schmidt, I. Sednev, B.J. Shipway, M.D. Shupe, D.A. Spangenberg, Y.C. Sud, D.D. Turner, D.E. Veron, K. von Salzen, G.K. Walker, Z. Wang, A.B. Wolf, S. Xie, X.-M. Xu, F. Yang, and G. Zhang, 2009: Intercomparison of model simulations of mixed-phase clouds observed during the ARM Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment. Part I: Single-layer cloud. Q. J. Royal Meteorol. Soc., 641, 979-1002, doi:10.1002/qj.416.
Results are presented from an intercomparison of single-column and cloud-resolving model simulations of a cold-air outbreak mixed-phase stratocumulus cloud observed during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program's Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment. The observed cloud occurred in a well-mixed boundary layer with a cloud top temperature of -15°C. The average liquid water path of around 160 g/m2 was about two-thirds of the adiabatic value and far greater than the average mass of ice which when integrated from the surface to cloud top was around 15 g/m2.
Simulations of seventeen single-column models (SCMs) and nine cloud-resolving models (CRMs) are compared. While the simulated ice water path is generally consistent with observed values, the median SCM and CRM liquid water path is a factor of three smaller than observed. Results from a sensitivity study in which models removed ice microphysics suggest that in many models the interaction between liquid and ice-phase microphysics is responsible for the large model underestimate of liquid water path.
Despite this underestimate, the simulated liquid and ice water paths of several models are consistent with observed values. Furthermore, models with more sophisticated microphysics simulate liquid and ice water paths that are in better agreement with the observed values, although considerable scatter exists. Although no single factor guarantees a good simulation, these results emphasize the need for improvement in the model representation of mixed-phase microphysics.
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Klein, S.A., McCoy, R.B., Morrison, H., Ackerman, A.S., Avramov, A., de Boer, G. de, Chen, M., Cole, J.N.S., Del Genio, A.D., Falk, M., Foster, M.J., Fridlind, A., Golaz, J.-C., Hashino, T., Harrington, J.Y., Hoose, C., Khairoutdinov, M.F., Larson, V.E., Liu, X., Luo, Y., McFarquhar, G.M., Menon, S., Neggers, R.A.J., Park, S., Poellot, M.R., Schmidt, J.M., Sednev, I., Shipway, B.J., Shupe, M.D., Spangenberg, D.A., Sud, Y.C., Turner, D.D., Veron, D.E., von Salzen, K., Walker, G.K., Wang, Z., Wolf, A.B., Xie, S., Xu, X.-M., Yang, F., and Zhang, G.: Intercomparison of model simulations of mixed-phase clouds observed during the ARM Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment. Part I: Single-layer cloud, Q. J. Royal Meteorol. Soc., 641, 979-1002, doi:10.1002/qj.416, 2009.
Klein, S.A., R.B. McCoy, H. Morrison, A.S. Ackerman, A. Avramov, G. de de Boer, M. Chen, J.N.S. Cole, A.D. Del Genio, M. Falk, M.J. Foster, A. Fridlind, J.-C. Golaz, T. Hashino, J.Y. Harrington, C. Hoose, M.F. Khairoutdinov, V.E. Larson, X. Liu, Y. Luo, G.M. McFarquhar, S. Menon, R.A.J. Neggers, S. Park, M.R. Poellot, J.M. Schmidt, I. Sednev, B.J. Shipway, M.D. Shupe, D.A. Spangenberg, Y.C. Sud, D.D. Turner, D.E. Veron, K. von Salzen, G.K. Walker, Z. Wang, A.B. Wolf, S. Xie, X.-M. Xu, F. Yang, and G. Zhang (2009), Intercomparison of model simulations of mixed-phase clouds observed during the ARM Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment. Part I: Single-layer cloud, Q. J. Royal Meteorol. Soc., 641, 979-1002, doi:10.1002/qj.416.
Klein, S.A., R.B. McCoy, H. Morrison, A.S. Ackerman, A. Avramov, G. de de Boer, M. Chen, J.N.S. Cole, A.D. Del Genio, M. Falk, M.J. Foster, A. Fridlind, J.-C. Golaz, T. Hashino, J.Y. Harrington, C. Hoose, M.F. Khairoutdinov, V.E. Larson, X. Liu, Y. Luo, G.M. McFarquhar, S. Menon, R.A.J. Neggers, S. Park, M.R. Poellot, J.M. Schmidt, I. Sednev, B.J. Shipway, M.D. Shupe, D.A. Spangenberg, Y.C. Sud, D.D. Turner, D.E. Veron, K. von Salzen, G.K. Walker, Z. Wang, A.B. Wolf, S. Xie, X.-M. Xu, F. Yang, and G. Zhang, 2009: Intercomparison of model simulations of mixed-phase clouds observed during the ARM Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment. Part I: Single-layer cloud. Q. J. Royal Meteorol. Soc., 641, 979-1002, doi:10.1002/qj.416.
Klein, S.A., et al. 2009, Q. J. Royal Meteorol. Soc., 641, 979, doi:10.1002/qj.416.
Klein SA, McCoy RB, Morrison H, Ackerman AS, Avramov A, de Boer G de, Chen M, Cole JNS, Del Genio AD, Falk M, Foster MJ, Fridlind A, Golaz J-C, Hashino T, Harrington JY, Hoose C, Khairoutdinov MF, Larson VE, Liu X, Luo Y, McFarquhar GM, Menon S, Neggers RAJ, Park S, Poellot MR, Schmidt JM, Sednev I, Shipway BJ, Shupe MD, Spangenberg DA, Sud YC, Turner DD, Veron DE, von Salzen K, Walker GK, Wang Z, Wolf AB, Xie S, Xu X-M, Yang F, Zhang G. Intercomparison of model simulations of mixed-phase clouds observed during the ARM Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment. Part I: Single-layer cloud, Q J Royal Meteorol Soc 2009;641:979-1002. doi:10.1002/qj.416.
S.A. Klein, R.B. McCoy, H. Morrison, A.S. Ackerman, A. Avramov, G. de de Boer, M. Chen, J.N.S. Cole, A.D. Del Genio, M. Falk, M.J. Foster, A. Fridlind, J.-C. Golaz, T. Hashino, J.Y. Harrington, C. Hoose, M.F. Khairoutdinov, V.E. Larson, X. Liu, Y. Luo, G.M. McFarquhar, S. Menon, R.A.J. Neggers, S. Park, M.R. Poellot, J.M. Schmidt, I. Sednev, B.J. Shipway, M.D. Shupe, D.A. Spangenberg, Y.C. Sud, D.D. Turner, D.E. Veron, K. von Salzen, G.K. Walker, Z. Wang, A.B. Wolf, S. Xie, X.-M. Xu, F. Yang, G. Zhang, Q. J. Royal Meteorol. Soc. 641, 979-1002, doi:10.1002/qj.416 (2009).
