Haywood et al. 2009

Haywood, A.M., M.A. Chandler, P.J. Valdes, U. Salzmann, D.J. Lunt, and H.J. Dowsett, 2009: Comparison of mid-Pliocene climate predictions produced by the HadAM3 and GCMAM3 General Circulation Models. Global Planet. Change, 66, 208-224, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.12.014.

The mid-Pliocene warm period (ca. 3 to 3.3 million years ago) has become an important interval of time for palaeoclimate modelling exercises, with a large number of studies published during the last decade. However, there has been no attempt to assess the degree of model dependency of the results obtained. Here we present an initial comparison of mid-Pliocene climatologies produced by the Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research atmosphere-only General Circulation Models (GCMAM3 and HadAM3). Whilst both models are consistent in the simulation of broad-scale differences in mid-Pliocene surface air temperature and total precipitation rates, significant variation is noted on regional and local scales. There are also significant differences in the model predictions of total cloud cover. Terrestrial data/model comparison using the BIOME 4 model, along with a new data set of Piacenzian Stage land cover (Salzmann et al., 2008), combined with the use of Kappa statistics, indicates that HadAM3-based biome predictions provide a closer fit to proxy data in the mid to high-latitudes. However, GCMAM3-based biomes in the tropics provide the closest fit to proxy data.

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Haywood, A.M., Chandler, M.A., Valdes, P.J., Salzmann, U., Lunt, D.J., and Dowsett, H.J.: Comparison of mid-Pliocene climate predictions produced by the HadAM3 and GCMAM3 General Circulation Models, Global Planet. Change, 66, 208-224, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.12.014, 2009.

Haywood, A.M., M.A. Chandler, P.J. Valdes, U. Salzmann, D.J. Lunt, and H.J. Dowsett (2009), Comparison of mid-Pliocene climate predictions produced by the HadAM3 and GCMAM3 General Circulation Models, Global Planet. Change, 66, 208-224, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.12.014.

Haywood, A.M., M.A. Chandler, P.J. Valdes, U. Salzmann, D.J. Lunt, and H.J. Dowsett, 2009: Comparison of mid-Pliocene climate predictions produced by the HadAM3 and GCMAM3 General Circulation Models. Global Planet. Change, 66, 208-224, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.12.014.

Haywood, A.M., Chandler, M.A., Valdes, P.J., Salzmann, U., Lunt, D.J., & Dowsett, H.J. 2009, Global Planet. Change, 66, 208, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.12.014.

Haywood AM, Chandler MA, Valdes PJ, Salzmann U, Lunt DJ, Dowsett HJ. Comparison of mid-Pliocene climate predictions produced by the HadAM3 and GCMAM3 General Circulation Models, Global Planet Change 2009;66:208-224. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.12.014.

A.M. Haywood, M.A. Chandler, P.J. Valdes, U. Salzmann, D.J. Lunt, H.J. Dowsett, Global Planet. Change 66, 208-224, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.12.014 (2009).