Hall and Primeau 2004

Hall, T.M., and F.W. Primeau, 2004: Separating the natural and anthropogenic air-sea flux of CO₂: The Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23302, doi:10.1029/2004GL020589.

We estimate the natural and anthropogenic components of the air-sea flux of CO₂ in the Indian Ocean. The increase in atmospheric CO₂ driven by human activity has caused the air-sea CO₂ disequilibrium, and consequently the flux, to increase significantly over the industrial era. We estimate the flux in the year 1780 to be approximately 0.2 Gt/yr, increasing by 0.26 Gt/yr to 0.5 Gt/yr in 2000. The estimate of the natural (preindustrial) flux is highly sensitive to uncertainties in modern-day CO₂ disequilibrium measurements. By contrast, the estimate of the anthropogenic flux is only weakly sensitive to these measurements.

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Hall, T.M., and Primeau, F.W.: Separating the natural and anthropogenic air-sea flux of CO₂: The Indian Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23302, doi:10.1029/2004GL020589, 2004.

Hall, T.M., and F.W. Primeau (2004), Separating the natural and anthropogenic air-sea flux of CO₂: The Indian Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23302, doi:10.1029/2004GL020589.

Hall, T.M., and F.W. Primeau, 2004: Separating the natural and anthropogenic air-sea flux of CO₂: The Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23302, doi:10.1029/2004GL020589.

Hall, T.M., & Primeau, F.W. 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23302, doi:10.1029/2004GL020589.

Hall TM, Primeau FW. Separating the natural and anthropogenic air-sea flux of CO₂: The Indian Ocean, Geophys Res Lett 2004;31:L23302. doi:10.1029/2004GL020589.

T.M. Hall, F.W. Primeau, Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L23302, doi:10.1029/2004GL020589 (2004).