Rampino 2002

Rampino, M.R., 2002: Supereruptions as a threat to civilizations on Earth-like planets. Icarus, 156, 562-569, doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6808.

The largest explosive volcanic eruptions (supereruptions) produce >1000 km³ of ejected material and ≥1000 Mt (10¹⁵ g) of submicron atmospheric aerosols and dust. These eruptions may be capable of creating global climatic disturbances sufficient to cause severe problems for world agriculture and modern civilization. Supereruptions are estimated to occur on average about every 50,000 years, which is about twice the frequency of impacts by comets and asteroids ≥1 km diameter predicted to cause similar climatic effects. Prediction, prevention, and mitigation of global volcanic climatic disasters may be potentially more difficult than planetary protection from the threat of large impacts, so that explosive volcanism might limit the longevity of technological civilizations.

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Rampino, M.R.: Supereruptions as a threat to civilizations on Earth-like planets, Icarus, 156, 562-569, doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6808, 2002.

Rampino, M.R. (2002), Supereruptions as a threat to civilizations on Earth-like planets, Icarus, 156, 562-569, doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6808.

Rampino, M.R., 2002: Supereruptions as a threat to civilizations on Earth-like planets. Icarus, 156, 562-569, doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6808.

Rampino, M.R. 2002, Icarus, 156, 562, doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6808.

Rampino MR. Supereruptions as a threat to civilizations on Earth-like planets, Icarus 2002;156:562-569. doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6808.

M.R. Rampino, Icarus 156, 562-569, doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6808 (2002).