Shindell et al. 2001
Shindell, D.T., G.A. Schmidt, M.E. Mann, D. Rind, and A. Waple, 2001: Solar forcing of regional climate change during the Maunder Minimum. Science, 294, 2149-2152, doi:10.1126/science.1064363.
We examine the climate response to solar irradiance changes between the late 17th century Maunder Minimum and the late 18th century. Global average temperature changes are small (about 0.3° to 0.4°C) in both a climate model and empirical reconstructions. However, regional temperature changes are quite large. In the model, these occur primarily through a forced shift towards the low index state of the Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation as solar irradiation decreases. This leads to colder temperatures over the Northern Hemisphere continents, especially in winter (1-2°C), in agreement with historical records and proxy data for surface temperatures.
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Shindell, D.T., Schmidt, G.A., Mann, M.E., Rind, D., and Waple, A.: Solar forcing of regional climate change during the Maunder Minimum, Science, 294, 2149-2152, doi:10.1126/science.1064363, 2001.
Shindell, D.T., G.A. Schmidt, M.E. Mann, D. Rind, and A. Waple (2001), Solar forcing of regional climate change during the Maunder Minimum, Science, 294, 2149-2152, doi:10.1126/science.1064363.
Shindell, D.T., G.A. Schmidt, M.E. Mann, D. Rind, and A. Waple, 2001: Solar forcing of regional climate change during the Maunder Minimum. Science, 294, 2149-2152, doi:10.1126/science.1064363.
Shindell, D.T., Schmidt, G.A., Mann, M.E., Rind, D., & Waple, A. 2001, Science, 294, 2149, doi:10.1126/science.1064363.
Shindell DT, Schmidt GA, Mann ME, Rind D, Waple A. Solar forcing of regional climate change during the Maunder Minimum, Science 2001;294:2149-2152. doi:10.1126/science.1064363.
D.T. Shindell, G.A. Schmidt, M.E. Mann, D. Rind, A. Waple, Science 294, 2149-2152, doi:10.1126/science.1064363 (2001).
