Canuto, V.M., 2000: Turbulence and laminar structures: Can they co-exist. M. Not. Royal Astron. Soc., 317, 985-988, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03786.x.
Schwarzschild first suggested that the laminar structures observed in the high Reynolds number Re = UL/ν ≈ O(1012) solar photosphere are the result of turbulence rather than a proof of its absence. He reasoned that, since turbulence generates large turbulent viscosities ν1 ≫ ν, the "effective" Reynolds number Re = UL/ν1 ≈ O(1). Schwarzschild's argument is, however, incomplete, for it assumed that the entire role of the non-linear interactions is to "enhance" viscosity. While this is not true in general, we present a proof of how and why it may be occur, thus completing Schwarzschild's argument. We further discuss the fact that the same non-local turbulence models reproduce Large Eddy Simulation (LES) data for a variety of flows pertaining to astrophysics, geophysics and laboratory situations (in a fraction of the time).