Mishchenko et al. 1999

Mishchenko, M.I., J.M. Dlugach, E.G. Yanovitskij, and N.T. Zakharova, 1999: Bidirectional reflectance of flat, optically thick particulate layers: An efficient radiative transfer solution and applications to snow and soil surfaces. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 63, 409-432, doi:10.1016/S0022-4073(99)00028-X.

We describe a simple and highly efficient and accurate radiative transfer technique for computing bidirectional reflectance of a macroscopically flat scattering layer composed of nonabsorbing or weakly absorbing, arbitrarily shaped, randomly oriented and randomly distributed particles. The layer is assumed to be homogeneous and optically semi-infinite, and the bidirectional reflection function (BRF) is found by a simple iterative solution of the Ambartsumian's nonlinear integral equation. As an exact solution of the radiative transfer equation, the reflection function thus obtained fully obeys the fundamental phsyical laws of energy conservation and reciprocity. Since this technique bypasses the computation of the internal radiation field, it is by far the fastest numerical approach available and can be used as an ideal input for Monte Carlo procedures calculating BRF's of scattering layers with macroscopically rough surfaces. Although the effects of packing density and coherent backscattering are currently neglected, they can also be incorporated. The FORTRAN implementation of the technique is available on the World Wide Web at http://www.giss.nasa.gov/~crmim/brf.html and can be applied to a wide range of remote sensing, engineering, and biophysical problems. We also examine the potential effect of ice crytsal shape on the bidirectional reflectance of flat snow surfaces and the applicability of the Henyey-Greenstein phase function and the δ-Eddington approximation in calculations for soil surfaces.

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Mishchenko, M.I., Dlugach, J.M., Yanovitskij, E.G., and Zakharova, N.T.: Bidirectional reflectance of flat, optically thick particulate layers: An efficient radiative transfer solution and applications to snow and soil surfaces, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 63, 409-432, doi:10.1016/S0022-4073(99)00028-X, 1999.

Mishchenko, M.I., J.M. Dlugach, E.G. Yanovitskij, and N.T. Zakharova (1999), Bidirectional reflectance of flat, optically thick particulate layers: An efficient radiative transfer solution and applications to snow and soil surfaces, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 63, 409-432, doi:10.1016/S0022-4073(99)00028-X.

Mishchenko, M.I., J.M. Dlugach, E.G. Yanovitskij, and N.T. Zakharova, 1999: Bidirectional reflectance of flat, optically thick particulate layers: An efficient radiative transfer solution and applications to snow and soil surfaces. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 63, 409-432, doi:10.1016/S0022-4073(99)00028-X.

Mishchenko, M.I., Dlugach, J.M., Yanovitskij, E.G., & Zakharova, N.T. 1999, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 63, 409, doi:10.1016/S0022-4073(99)00028-X.

Mishchenko MI, Dlugach JM, Yanovitskij EG, Zakharova NT. Bidirectional reflectance of flat, optically thick particulate layers: An efficient radiative transfer solution and applications to snow and soil surfaces, J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer 1999;63:409-432. doi:10.1016/S0022-4073(99)00028-X.

M.I. Mishchenko, J.M. Dlugach, E.G. Yanovitskij, N.T. Zakharova, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 63, 409-432, doi:10.1016/S0022-4073(99)00028-X (1999).