Johnson et al. 1998

Johnson, R.E., R.M. Killen, J.H. Waite, Jr., and W.S. Lewis, 1998: Europa's surface composition and sputter-produced ionosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3257-3260, doi:10.1029/98GL02565.

The efficient sputtering and decomposition of Europa's regolith by energetic particles produces an atmosphere representative of its surface composition. In addition to O₂ and H₂ from the decomposition of ice, we show taht molecules representative of organics and salts will be present in ionic form at levels detectable using an ion mass spectrometer on an orbiting spacecraft. Such an instrument can also measure isotope ratios to determine surface age.

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Johnson, R.E., Killen, R.M., Waite, J.H., Jr., and Lewis, W.S.: Europa's surface composition and sputter-produced ionosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3257-3260, doi:10.1029/98GL02565, 1998.

Johnson, R.E., R.M. Killen, J.H. Waite, Jr., and W.S. Lewis (1998), Europa's surface composition and sputter-produced ionosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3257-3260, doi:10.1029/98GL02565.

Johnson, R.E., R.M. Killen, J.H. Waite, Jr., and W.S. Lewis, 1998: Europa's surface composition and sputter-produced ionosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3257-3260, doi:10.1029/98GL02565.

Johnson, R.E., Killen, R.M., Waite, J.H., Jr., & Lewis, W.S. 1998, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3257, doi:10.1029/98GL02565.

Johnson RE, Killen RM, Waite JH Jr, Lewis WS. Europa's surface composition and sputter-produced ionosphere, Geophys Res Lett 1998;25:3257-3260. doi:10.1029/98GL02565.

R.E. Johnson, R.M. Killen, J.H. Waite, Jr., W.S. Lewis, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 3257-3260, doi:10.1029/98GL02565 (1998).