Miller and Russell 1996

Miller, J.R., and G.L. Russell, 1996: Climate change and the Arctic hydrologic cycle as calculated by a global coupled atmosphere-ocean model. Ann. Glaciol., 21, 91-95.

A global coupled atmosphere-ocean model is used to examine the hydrologic cycle of the Arctic Ocean. The model has a horizontal resolution of 4°×5°, nine vertical layers in the atmosphere and 13 in the ocean. River discharge into the Arctic Ocean is included by allowing runoff from each continental grid box to flow downstream according to a specified direction file and a speed that depends on topography. A 74 year control simulation of the present climate is used to examine variability of the hydrologic cycle, including precipitation, sea ice, glacial ice and river discharge. A 74 year transient simulation in which atmospheric CO increases each year at a compound rate of 1% is then used to examine potential changes in the hydrologic cycle. Among these changes are a 4°C increase in mean annual surface air temperature in the Arctic Ocean, a decrease in ice cover which begins after 35 years, and increases in river discharge and cloud cover. There is little change in the net difference between precipitation and evaporation. Also in the transient simulation, glacial ice on Greenland decreases relative to the control.

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Miller, J.R., and Russell, G.L.: Climate change and the Arctic hydrologic cycle as calculated by a global coupled atmosphere-ocean model, Ann. Glaciol., 21, 91-95, 1996.

Miller, J.R., and G.L. Russell (1996), Climate change and the Arctic hydrologic cycle as calculated by a global coupled atmosphere-ocean model, Ann. Glaciol., 21, 91-95.

Miller, J.R., and G.L. Russell, 1996: Climate change and the Arctic hydrologic cycle as calculated by a global coupled atmosphere-ocean model. Ann. Glaciol., 21, 91-95.

Miller, J.R., & Russell, G.L. 1996, Ann. Glaciol., 21, 91.

Miller JR, Russell GL. Climate change and the Arctic hydrologic cycle as calculated by a global coupled atmosphere-ocean model, Ann Glaciol 1996;21:91-95.

J.R. Miller, G.L. Russell, Ann. Glaciol. 21, 91-95 (1996).