Lin and Rossow 1996

Lin, B., and W.B. Rossow, 1996: Seasonal variation of liquid and ice water path in nonprecipitating clouds over oceans. J. Climate, 9, 2890-2902, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2890:SVOLAI>2.0.CO;2.

Seasonal variations of liquid and ice water paths (LWP and IWP) in nonprecipitating clouds over ocean are estimated for 4 months by combining the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and Special Sensor Microwave/Image (SSM/I) data. The ISCCP data are used to separate clear/cloudy skies and warm/cold clouds and to determine cloud optical thickness, cloud-top temperature, and sea surface temperature. SSM/I data are used to separate precipitating and nonprecipitating clouds and to determine LWP. About 93% of all clouds are nonprecipitating clouds, and about half of nonprecipitating clouds are warm (cloud-top temperature > 0°C). The average LWP for warm nonprecipitating clouds is about 6 mg/cm². The values of total water path obtained from the ISCCP values of optical thickness for cold nonprecipitating clouds are larger than the LWP values from SSM/I, which the authors explain in terms of IWP. The average IWP for cold nonprecipitating clouds is about 7 mg/cm², with LWP being about 5 mg/cm². Tropical and cold hemisphere clouds have higher IWP values (around 10 mg/²) than those in warm hemispheres; whereas LWP values for warm nonprecipitating clouds vary little with latitude or season. Ice fractions, IWP/(LWP+IWP), in cold nonprecipitating clouds increase systematically with decreasing cloud-top temperatures, reaching 50% at about -15°C but ranging from about -5° to -10°C in the northern midlatitudes in autumn and the Tropics year-round to about -25°C in the southern midlatitudes in summer. The ratio of IWP to LWP in cold nonprecipitating clouds reaches almost 3 in the northern midlatitudes in autumn and falls as low as 0.6 in the southern midlatitudes in spring-summer. Combining warm and cold nonprecipitating clouds gives a global ratio of IWP to LWP that is about 0.7 over oceans.

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Lin, B., and Rossow, W.B.: Seasonal variation of liquid and ice water path in nonprecipitating clouds over oceans, J. Climate, 9, 2890-2902, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2890:SVOLAI>2.0.CO;2, 1996.

Lin, B., and W.B. Rossow (1996), Seasonal variation of liquid and ice water path in nonprecipitating clouds over oceans, J. Climate, 9, 2890-2902, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2890:SVOLAI>2.0.CO;2.

Lin, B., and W.B. Rossow, 1996: Seasonal variation of liquid and ice water path in nonprecipitating clouds over oceans. J. Climate, 9, 2890-2902, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2890:SVOLAI>2.0.CO;2.

Lin, B., & Rossow, W.B. 1996, J. Climate, 9, 2890, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2890:SVOLAI>2.0.CO;2.

Lin B, Rossow WB. Seasonal variation of liquid and ice water path in nonprecipitating clouds over oceans, J Climate 1996;9:2890-2902. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2890:SVOLAI>2.0.CO;2.

B. Lin, W.B. Rossow, J. Climate 9, 2890-2902, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2890:SVOLAI>2.0.CO;2 (1996).