Carlson et al. 1987

Carlson, B.E., M.J. Prather, and W.B. Rossow, 1987: The role of aqueous chemistry in determining the composition and cloud structure of the upper troposphere on Uranus. Astrophys. J., 321, L97-L101, doi:10.1086/185013.

Aqueous chemistry on Uranus affects the atmospheric abundances of NH₃ and H₂S below the methane cloud base. We present a complete thermochemical equilibrium model for the H₂O-NH₃-H₂S system. Inclusion of H₂S increases the aqueous removal of NH₃ to 20-30 percent, but aqueous chemistry alone cannot account for the depletion of NH₃ in the 150-200 K region of the atmosphere required to fit microwave observations. Formation of NH₄SH clouds can account for the observed depletion provided the H₂S/NH₃ ratio is enhanced by a factor of 4 relative to solar. Perturbations to the chemical balance between N and S, for example by the general circulation on Uranus, would then produce regions with either NH₃ or H₂S aloft.

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Carlson, B.E., Prather, M.J., and Rossow, W.B.: The role of aqueous chemistry in determining the composition and cloud structure of the upper troposphere on Uranus, Astrophys. J., 321, L97-L101, doi:10.1086/185013, 1987.

Carlson, B.E., M.J. Prather, and W.B. Rossow (1987), The role of aqueous chemistry in determining the composition and cloud structure of the upper troposphere on Uranus, Astrophys. J., 321, L97-L101, doi:10.1086/185013.

Carlson, B.E., M.J. Prather, and W.B. Rossow, 1987: The role of aqueous chemistry in determining the composition and cloud structure of the upper troposphere on Uranus. Astrophys. J., 321, L97-L101, doi:10.1086/185013.

Carlson, B.E., Prather, M.J., & Rossow, W.B. 1987, Astrophys. J., 321, L97, doi:10.1086/185013.

Carlson BE, Prather MJ, Rossow WB. The role of aqueous chemistry in determining the composition and cloud structure of the upper troposphere on Uranus, Astrophys J 1987;321:L97-L101. doi:10.1086/185013.

B.E. Carlson, M.J. Prather, W.B. Rossow, Astrophys. J. 321, L97-L101, doi:10.1086/185013 (1987).