Rind et al. 1986

Rind, D., D. Peteet, W. Broecker, A. McIntyre, and W. Ruddiman, 1986: The impact of cold North Atlantic sea surface temperatures on climate: Implications for the Younger Dryas cooling (11-10 k). Clim. Dynam., 1, 3-33, doi:10.1007/BF01277044.

The sensitivity of global climate to colder North Atlantic sea surface temperatures is investigated with the use of the GISS general circulation model. North Atlantic ocean temperatures 18,000 B.P., representing those prevalent during the Younger Dryas, were incorporated into the model of the present climate and also into an experiment using orbital parameters and land ice characteristic of 11,000 B.P. The results show that with both 11,000 B.P. and present conditions the colder ocean temperatures produce cooling over western and central Europe, in good agreement with Younger Dryas paleoclimatic evidence. Cooling also occurs over extreme eastern North America, although the precise magnitude and location depends on the specification of ocean temperature change in the western Atlantic. Despite the presence of increased land ice and colder ocean temperatures, the Younger Dryas sumemr air temperatures at Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes in the model are warmer than those of today due to changes in the orbital parameters, chiefly precession, and atmospheric subsidence at the perimeter of the ice sheets.

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Rind, D., Peteet, D., Broecker, W., McIntyre, A., and Ruddiman, W.: The impact of cold North Atlantic sea surface temperatures on climate: Implications for the Younger Dryas cooling (11-10 k), Clim. Dynam., 1, 3-33, doi:10.1007/BF01277044, 1986.

Rind, D., D. Peteet, W. Broecker, A. McIntyre, and W. Ruddiman (1986), The impact of cold North Atlantic sea surface temperatures on climate: Implications for the Younger Dryas cooling (11-10 k), Clim. Dynam., 1, 3-33, doi:10.1007/BF01277044.

Rind, D., D. Peteet, W. Broecker, A. McIntyre, and W. Ruddiman, 1986: The impact of cold North Atlantic sea surface temperatures on climate: Implications for the Younger Dryas cooling (11-10 k). Clim. Dynam., 1, 3-33, doi:10.1007/BF01277044.

Rind, D., Peteet, D., Broecker, W., McIntyre, A., & Ruddiman, W. 1986, Clim. Dynam., 1, 3, doi:10.1007/BF01277044.

Rind D, Peteet D, Broecker W, McIntyre A, Ruddiman W. The impact of cold North Atlantic sea surface temperatures on climate: Implications for the Younger Dryas cooling (11-10 k), Clim Dynam 1986;1:3-33. doi:10.1007/BF01277044.

D. Rind, D. Peteet, W. Broecker, A. McIntyre, W. Ruddiman, Clim. Dynam. 1, 3-33, doi:10.1007/BF01277044 (1986).