Canuto and Hsieh 1980
Canuto, V.M., and S.-H. Hsieh, 1980: Case for an open universe. Phys. Rev. Lett., 44, 695-698, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.695.
The determination of the geometrical structure of the universe through the magnitude-vs-redshift relation in standard cosmology has not been very successful, mainly because of the intrinsic insensitivity of the m-vs-z relation to the deceleration parameter ave(q0) which determines the the spatial curvature and therefore the geometry. By relaxing the assumption usually made, i.e., the identity of gravitational and atomic clocks, sufficient sensitivity is achieved for the determination of ave(q0). Existing observational evidence then leads one to conclude that the universe is open.
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Canuto, V.M., and Hsieh, S.-H.: Case for an open universe, Phys. Rev. Lett., 44, 695-698, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.695, 1980.
Canuto, V.M., and S.-H. Hsieh (1980), Case for an open universe, Phys. Rev. Lett., 44, 695-698, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.695.
Canuto, V.M., and S.-H. Hsieh, 1980: Case for an open universe. Phys. Rev. Lett., 44, 695-698, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.695.
Canuto, V.M., & Hsieh, S.-H. 1980, Phys. Rev. Lett., 44, 695, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.695.
Canuto VM, Hsieh S-H. Case for an open universe, Phys Rev Lett 1980;44:695-698. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.695.
V.M. Canuto, S.-H. Hsieh, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 695-698, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.695 (1980).
