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Langer, W.D., 1976: Interstellar cloud evolution and the abundance of formaldehyde. Astrophys. J., 210, 328-333.
The time scale for essentially complete conversion of C+ to CO in interstellar clouds can be comparable to, or greater than, dynamical time scales for evolution, therefore suggesting steady state time independent abundances to be inappropriate. The solutions for the time-dependent carbon chemistry in dense clouds, n ≳ 500 cm-3, indicate that significant amounts of neutral carbon will be present throughout a cloud's lifetime. These nonequilibrium values of C I can explain the relatively large abundances observed for formaldehyde, isotopes of carbon monoxide, and other trace molecules
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