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Stothers, R., 1963: Evolutionary time scales for late carbon-burning phases with neutrino emission. Astrophys. J., 137, 770-776, doi:10.1086/147554.
The effect of the two most important neutrino processes (pair annihilation and photoneutrino) is evaluated for stars during the carbon-burning stage. At this point, Lν > L (photon), and the evolution of the core can be considered separate from that of the envelope. The time scale of evolution from carbon depletion to the onset of neon-burning is estimated from representative central densities and the corresponding critical temperatures, T ~> 0.5 B° K, at which the energy generation due to the C12 + C12 reaction is equaled by the energy loss from neutrinos. If the degeneracy is high (ρ ~ l06 gm/cm3), neutrino emission accelerates cooling of the star. In both cases the evolution is limited only by the rate of neutrino emission.
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